Today is the birthday of Emma Bentzen Koehler (February 25, 1858-April 26, 1943). She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and in 1882 she married Otto Koehler. He was a brewer at the Lone Star Brewery and in 1902 took over the San Antonio Brewing Association, which became known as the Pearl Brewery. When he was murdered in 1914, she took over running the brewery, and all of her husband’s real estate holdings and other businesses. She managed to keep them solvent through prohibition and continued to run it successfully until she retired shortly before the outbreak of World War 2. She continued to advise on major deals concerning the business and eventually her nephew, who had been named for her husband, another Otto Koehler, was chosen by the board as her successor.

This short biography is from her Find-a-Grave page:

Wife of Otto Koehler, owner and operator of the San Antonio Brewing Association later known as the Pearl Brewery. After Otto’s death in 1914, Emma took control of Otto’s extensive business and real estate holdings. She deeded what is now known as Koehler Park to the citizens of San Antonio, Texas on December 24, 1914. The park is now 100 years old. She saw the brewery through prohibition and with help from B. B. McGimsey, kept the doors open selling mostly dairy products.

This is the portion of the Pearl Brewery’s Wikipedia page that discusses Emma Koehler.

In 1902, Otto Koehler took the helm of the brewery, leaving his position as manager at the Lone Star Brewing Company to become president and manager of the San Antonio Brewing Association. Under Otto’s leadership, the brewery set strategic plans to grow in physical size and beer output in motion. The San Antonio Brewing Association went from a microbrewery that produced enough output for residents and businesses to a strong competitor to the much larger Lone Star Brewing Company. Koehler was one of the first residents to build in the newly opened Laurel Heights section of San Antonio. The hill on which Koehler built his home, now known as the Koehler Cultural Center, provided a clear view of the city skyline and, of course, included an unobstructed view of the San Antonio Brewing Association’s City Brewery. Legend has it that by sitting on his porch, Koehler could determine whether his employees were hard at work by the smoke color rising from the brewery’s stacks.

In 1902, Koehler purchased the property to re-open the since-closed Hot Wells hotel, spa, and bathhouse on the San Antonio River on the south side of San Antonio.

After Koehler’s death, his wife, Emma, succeeded him as the chief executive. Under Emma Koehler’s direction, many of her husband’s strategic plans were either started or fulfilled. Namely, she modernized the original brew house, and by 1916, beer production capacity had significantly increased from 6,000 US barrels (720 m3) per year in the early 20th century to over 110,000 US barrels (13,000 m3) per year. With the tremendous production increase, the San Antonio Brewing Association was able to outpace the Lone Star Brewing Company to become the largest Texas brewery and the beer America most widely associated with Texas and the West.

During the early 20th century, Pearl used advertisement campaigns that featured Judge Roy Bean – one of the more colorful and famous law enforcement personalities of the Wild West.

Prohibition

Prior to Prohibition, Texas was a hot spot for beer production. With a strong German and European influence, small and regional breweries were found throughout the state. San Antonio enjoyed having two of Texas’ largest breweries: Lone Star Brewery and the San Antonio Brewing Association. Prohibition, though, changed the face of brewing and forced almost every brewery out of business. When the Volstead Act and Prohibition went into effect on January 16, 1920, Lone Star Brewing Company ended sales, shut the brewery doors, and dissolved the company.

Emma Koehler vowed not to let the brewery go under. In late 1919, the San Antonio Brewing Association changed its name to Alamo Industries (1919–1921) and began operations to comply with Prohibition laws. Times were tough for the brewery and its employees. However, the facility stayed open by continuing to produce a near beer called “La Perla,” bottling soft drinks, dry cleaning, operating a small advertising sign division, running a small auto repair shop, and entering the commercial ice and creamery businesses. Being so diverse brought in cash for the company, which meant Alamo Industries did not acquire expertise in any area. As a result, Alamo Industries reorganized its product lines. The company changed its name to the Alamo Foods Company (1921–1933) and shifted its products toward food speciality. The sections for auto repair, dry cleaning, and advertising were closed or sold off to third parties.

Although no solid proof exists, rumors abound that Alamo Foods used the old brewery equipment for more than “La Perla” and that, in fact, the brewery still bottled a tiny amount of the real Pearl and Texas Pride for close friends and sale on the black market. One thing is sure, though: when the Blaine Act ended Prohibition at midnight on September 15, 1933, within minutes, 100 trucks and 25 railroad boxcars loaded with beer rolled out of the brewery grounds.

After Prohibition

With the end of Prohibition, so too came the end of the Alamo Foods Company. The company went back to its prior name: San Antonio Brewing Association (1933–1952). Most believed beer production would quickly return to the levels before the 1920 ban. However, Pearl’s hard times were not over yet. In 1933, the nation was still deep in the grips of the Great Depression. Although most of the public would have loved to enjoy a Pearl, the financial situation of most made buying beer an unaffordable luxury. Through her skillful management, Emma Koehler kept the brewery afloat through the Depression, selling beer to those who could afford it and continuing many of the business ventures that had carried the brewery through Prohibition.

As the Great Depression ended in the United States, world affairs worsened and spun the globe toward World War II. After almost 26 years at the helm of the San Antonio Brewing Association, Emma Koehler decided it was time to relinquish the official title. Her “retirement” closed an amazing chapter in the brewery’s history. While it may not seem much these days, Emma’s successful management role at Pearl was a breakthrough for its day. At a time when women’s suffrage was still in its infancy and women did not yet have the right to vote, Emma Koehler led Texas’ largest brewery and one of the larger breweries in the nation.

Emma did not fade quietly into the history books, however. For years after her retirement, she remained an important part of brewery operations. While she did not have voting powers with the San Antonio Brewing Association, she typically had the final word on all large deals or changes. Emma’s successor depended on her heavily after the transition and during the brewery’s changes to meet the effort of World War II.

The Return of Otto Koehler

Otto and Emma Koehler’s lives were filled with helping others and improving the community through various organizations and corporations. Otto and Emma never had children in their long marriage, but their extended family was huge. A large portion of their substantial wealth was spent on helping their families immigrate to the United States from their homeland in Germany. The Koehlers paid for family members’ passage to New York and travel expenses to their city of choice, which was usually San Antonio or close proximity. Once relocated, the Koehlers helped set them up with housing and a job at the brewery or one of the other Koehler-owned companies.

One family the Koehlers helped was Otto’s twin brother, Karl Koehler. Karl and his wife moved to Pennsylvania, where they had two boys. The older of the two boys was named after Otto. Born on July 24, 1893, as a youngster Otto A. and his younger brother were taken to Europe by their parents for what was supposed to be a short trip. On the trip however, Karl became seriously ill and decided to stay in Germany. In 1908, when Otto A. was just 15, his father finally succumbed to his illnesses and died. Otto A. returned to America and became a ward of his uncle Otto and aunt Emma. Otto A. developed a special bond with Otto and Emma, who treated him as a son. In 1921, Otto A. left his other jobs to come to the brewery to assist Emma in daily operations.

When Emma decided it was time to step aside of her post, the board members and Emma picked Otto A. to be her successor. Emma served as Otto’s advisor during the transition and his first years as head of the brewery, a position she held until her death on April 26, 1943. Although the Koehlers did not own the brewery, after the first Otto, his wife Emma, and now Otto A., the family was very much considered the owners not only by the community, but the brewery board members and workers alike. Otto A. was a strong leader and businessman who had learned much from his aunt and uncle. It was this strength that he would have to draw on as turbulent times lay ahead for the brewery and beer brewing industry as a whole.

And here’s a short obituary for her:

If you want to read more about Emma Koehler, take a look at Emma Koehler: Pioneer of the San Antonio Brewing Industry or ‘Miss Emma’ Saved Her Brewery And Left A Legacy For All Of San Antonio.

Today is the birthday of Johann ‘John’ Baier (February 23, 1823-June 26, 1866). He was born in Gopfersgrun, Bavaria, Germany and emigrated to the U.S. sometime before 1850, settling in Baltimore, Maryland. There ee established the Johann Baier Brewery (sometimes referred to as the Johann John Baier Brewery) in 1850. He married Anna Maria Hartmann, who was born in Oberfullbach, Bavaria, and when Johan passed away in 1866, she took over the running of the brewery, and it was renamed the Anna Baier Brewery. Three years later, she brought on a partner and it was then called the Anna & Frederick Wunder Brewery. Two more name changes occurred between 1872 and 1885 — Frederick Wunder Brewery and then Mrs. Anna M. Wunder Brewery (after she remarried Frederick Wunder in 1869) — before finally becoming the brewery by which it was famously known in Baltimore for the rest of its existence: National Brewery in 1885.

This brief account is from Baltimore Magazine:

It was around this time that the original iteration of the National Brewing Company was born. It’s said that, in 1850, a Fells Point brewer by the name of Johann Baier leased the northeast corner of Conkling and O’Donnell streets, expanding up to Dillon within the next decade, on the city’s eastern hinterlands then known as Lager Beer Hill. Hand-dug cellars were the foundation of what would eventually become the largest brewery in Baltimore, a few of their brick remnants still at the current building’s base. After Baier’s death, his widow and her second husband took over operations, adding a beer garden, tavern, and stables, with barrels delivered locally by horse-drawn cart.

But by 1885, they went bankrupt, ultimately selling the business to their malt suppliers, who renamed it the National Brewing Company. Within a few years, they expanded east to Eaton Street, then merged with more than two dozen other breweries to create the Maryland Brewing Company, hoping that shared resources would help them create more affordable beer at a higher profit—an early economy of scale. Which is exactly what they did. Until Prohibition kicked the keg in 1919.

And this is from German Marylanders:

The brewery was built in 1872 at the corner of Conkling and O’Donnell Street.  They were considered one of the smaller breweries in Baltimore.  The brewery was started there by Frederick and Anna Wunder (actually Anna and her first husband, Johann Baier).  When they couldn’t keep up any longer, the brewery was purchased in 1885 by Joseph and William Straus.  They named it the National Brewing Company.  National Bohemian beer was originally brewed in 1885.  In the 1888 Baltimore Business Directory, it is stated as owned by J.L. Straus & Bro. proprietors and located at O’Donnell near Third in Canton. It, primarily because of its size, it was forced to shut down during prohibition.  Many of the larger breweries remained in business by producing ‘near beer’.   After prohibition National returned with their famous mascot, the one eyed Mr. Boh.